RFID-Based Smart Traffic Control System Using Arduino Mega

This project is an intelligent RFID-enabled traffic management system built using the powerful Arduino Mega 2560. It integrates multiple MFRC522 modules and traffic light units to create a smart intersection control system capable of vehicle identification and priority-based signal control.

The system is designed to reduce congestion and provide emergency vehicle priority at busy road intersections.

Components Used

Arduino Mega 2560
MFRC522 (Multiple Units)
Traffic Light LED Modules (Red, Yellow, Green)
Breadboard
Resistors
Jumper Wires
Power Supply

How the System Works

1️⃣ RFID Vehicle Detection

Each lane is equipped with an MFRC522 RFID reader.

Vehicles with authorized RFID tags are detected.
The system identifies vehicle type (normal or emergency).

2️⃣ Smart Signal Control

The Arduino Mega processes RFID inputs and:

Gives priority to emergency vehicles (ambulance, fire service).
Adjusts green signal timing dynamically.
Maintains coordinated traffic flow at the intersection.

3️⃣ Multi-Lane Management

Four traffic light modules represent a 4-way junction.

The system ensures:

Only one direction gets green at a time.
Safe transition using yellow signal delay.
Reduced waiting time using intelligent switching logic.

Key Features

✔ RFID-based vehicle identification

✔ Emergency vehicle priority system

✔ Dynamic signal timing control

✔ Multi-lane intersection management

✔ Scalable smart city prototype

✔ Suitable for competitions and exhibitions

Coding:

/*
 * RFID-Based Smart Traffic Control System Using Arduino Mega
 * 
 * This Arduino sketch controls a smart traffic light system using RFID readers.
 * Each traffic light is controlled by the Arduino Mega, and RFID readers are 
 * used to detect vehicles. The system changes the traffic lights based on the 
 * presence of vehicles detected by the RFID readers.
 */

#include <SPI.h>
#include <MFRC522.h>

// Define RFID reader pins
#define RST_PIN         49
#define SS_PIN_1        7
#define SS_PIN_2        8
#define SS_PIN_3        9
#define SS_PIN_4        10

// Define traffic light pins
#define RED_LIGHT_1     22
#define YELLOW_LIGHT_1  23
#define GREEN_LIGHT_1   24
#define RED_LIGHT_2     25
#define YELLOW_LIGHT_2  26
#define GREEN_LIGHT_2   27
#define RED_LIGHT_3     28
#define YELLOW_LIGHT_3  29
#define GREEN_LIGHT_3   30
#define RED_LIGHT_4     31
#define YELLOW_LIGHT_4  32
#define GREEN_LIGHT_4   33

MFRC522 rfid1(SS_PIN_1, RST_PIN);
MFRC522 rfid2(SS_PIN_2, RST_PIN);
MFRC522 rfid3(SS_PIN_3, RST_PIN);
MFRC522 rfid4(SS_PIN_4, RST_PIN);

void setup() {
  Serial.begin(9600);
  SPI.begin();
  
  // Initialize RFID readers
  rfid1.PCD_Init();
  rfid2.PCD_Init();
  rfid3.PCD_Init();
  rfid4.PCD_Init();
  
  // Initialize traffic light pins
  pinMode(RED_LIGHT_1, OUTPUT);
  pinMode(YELLOW_LIGHT_1, OUTPUT);
  pinMode(GREEN_LIGHT_1, OUTPUT);
  pinMode(RED_LIGHT_2, OUTPUT);
  pinMode(YELLOW_LIGHT_2, OUTPUT);
  pinMode(GREEN_LIGHT_2, OUTPUT);
  pinMode(RED_LIGHT_3, OUTPUT);
  pinMode(YELLOW_LIGHT_3, OUTPUT);
  pinMode(GREEN_LIGHT_3, OUTPUT);
  pinMode(RED_LIGHT_4, OUTPUT);
  pinMode(YELLOW_LIGHT_4, OUTPUT);
  pinMode(GREEN_LIGHT_4, OUTPUT);
  
  // Set initial state of traffic lights
  setTrafficLight(1, LOW, LOW, HIGH);
  setTrafficLight(2, LOW, LOW, HIGH);
  setTrafficLight(3, LOW, LOW, HIGH);
  setTrafficLight(4, LOW, LOW, HIGH);
}

void loop() {
  // Check each RFID reader for vehicle presence
  checkRFID(rfid1, 1);
  checkRFID(rfid2, 2);
  checkRFID(rfid3, 3);
  checkRFID(rfid4, 4);
}

void checkRFID(MFRC522 &rfid, int lightNumber) {
  if (!rfid.PICC_IsNewCardPresent() || !rfid.PICC_ReadCardSerial()) {
    return;
  }
  
  // Vehicle detected, change traffic light
  setTrafficLight(lightNumber, HIGH, LOW, LOW);
  delay(5000); // Keep red light for 5 seconds
  setTrafficLight(lightNumber, LOW, HIGH, LOW);
  delay(2000); // Yellow light for 2 seconds
  setTrafficLight(lightNumber, LOW, LOW, HIGH);
  
  rfid.PICC_HaltA();
}

void setTrafficLight(int lightNumber, int red, int yellow, int green) {
  switch (lightNumber) {
    case 1:
      digitalWrite(RED_LIGHT_1, red);
      digitalWrite(YELLOW_LIGHT_1, yellow);
      digitalWrite(GREEN_LIGHT_1, green);
      break;
    case 2:
      digitalWrite(RED_LIGHT_2, red);
      digitalWrite(YELLOW_LIGHT_2, yellow);
      digitalWrite(GREEN_LIGHT_2, green);
      break;
    case 3:
      digitalWrite(RED_LIGHT_3, red);
      digitalWrite(YELLOW_LIGHT_3, yellow);
      digitalWrite(GREEN_LIGHT_3, green);
      break;
    case 4:
      digitalWrite(RED_LIGHT_4, red);
      digitalWrite(YELLOW_LIGHT_4, yellow);
      digitalWrite(GREEN_LIGHT_4, green);
      break;
  }
}

Applications

Smart city traffic systems
Emergency vehicle priority management
Automated toll and traffic monitoring
IoT-based transportation projects
Engineering and diploma final-year projects

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