DC MOTOR SPEED CONTROL USING ARDUINO UNO

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DC Motor Control with Encoder Using Arduino Uno

Control and monitor the speed of a DC motor with encoder feedback using Arduino Uno. This project demonstrates a basic closed-loop motor control system using PWM, real-time feedback, and speed display on an LCD — ideal for robotics and automation learning.

Simulated in Tinkercad or built on hardware, this system integrates signal conditioning, transistor-based motor driving, and RPM monitoring.

 Key Components and Their Functions

 1. Arduino Uno

The central controller that:

  • Reads encoder pulses

  • Generates PWM signals

  • Calculates RPM

  • Displays speed on LCD

 2. DC Motor with Encoder

  • Provides rotational motion

  • Encoder generates pulse signals

  • Pulses are used to measure motor speed (RPM)

 3. 16x2 LCD Display

  • Displays real-time motor speed (RPM)

  • Can show set speed and actual speed

 4. Potentiometer

  • Acts as a speed control knob

  • Sends analog voltage (0–5V) to Arduino

  • Sets desired motor speed

 5. Power Supply

  • Provides required voltage and current to motor

  • Ensures stable operation

 6. Oscilloscope

  • Observes PWM waveform

  • Monitors encoder pulse signals

  • Helps in debugging and tuning

 7. Op-Amp Circuit

  • Conditions or amplifies encoder signals

  • Ensures clean pulse input to Arduino

  • Improves signal reliability

 8. NPN Transistor (e.g., 2N2222)

  • Works as a switching device

  • Receives PWM from Arduino

  • Controls motor current safely

 Working Principle (Step-by-Step Explanation)

This project demonstrates a closed-loop motor control system.

Step 1: Speed Input

The user adjusts the potentiometer to set the desired speed.

Step 2: Analog Reading

The Arduino reads the analog voltage using analogRead().

Step 3: PWM Generation

The Arduino converts this value into a PWM signal using analogWrite().

  • Higher duty cycle → Higher motor speed

  • Lower duty cycle → Lower motor speed

Step 4: Motor Driving

The PWM signal is sent to the 2N2222 transistor, which drives the motor.

Step 5: Encoder Feedback

The encoder generates pulses proportional to motor rotation.

Step 6: Speed Calculation

The Arduino:

  • Counts encoder pulses

  • Calculates RPM using time-based measurement

  • Compares actual speed with desired speed (basic feedback concept)

Step 7: Display Output

The calculated RPM is displayed on the 16x2 LCD.

Step 8: Signal Monitoring

The oscilloscope monitors:

  • PWM waveform

  • Encoder output signals

This helps analyze performance and fine-tune the system.

 Closed-Loop Control Concept

Unlike open-loop systems, this setup uses feedback:

  • Desired Speed → From Potentiometer

  • Actual Speed → From Encoder

  • Controller → Arduino

  • Correction → PWM Adjustment

This forms the foundation of PID motor control systems used in robotics and automation.

Applications

This project is widely used in:

✅ Robotics
✅ Conveyor belt systems
✅ Industrial automation
✅ CNC machines
✅ Mechatronics education
✅ Speed monitoring systems
✅ Embedded systems training





BEGINNER PROJECTS (Foundation Skills)

  1. Ultrasonic Distance Measurement
  2. Traffic Light Simulation with 7-Segment Display
  3. 7-Segment Display Counter
  4. Kids Piano Circuit (8-Key Version)
  5. 16×2 LCD Display with Text Output
  6. LCD I2C to Arduino UNO
  7. Temperature Measurement using Arduino UNO
  8. LDR Controlled Street Light

INTERMEDIATE PROJECTS (Build Your Skills)

  1. Servo Motor Control Using Potentiometer
  2. DC Motor Speed Control
  3. Temperature Controlled Fan
  4. PIR Based Theft Alert System
  5. LPG Gas Leakage Detection System
  6. Automatic Door Locking System
  7. Soil Moisture Based Automatic Watering System
  8. Simple Digital Clock using Arduino UNO
  9. Automatic Voting Machine (EVM)
  10. Joystick Control using Arduino Uno
  11. RGB Lamp Control using Arduino Uno

    ADVANCED PROJECTS (Master Level)

    1. Home Automation Using Arduino UNO
    2. Bluetooth RC Car using Arduino Uno
    3. Obstacle Avoiding Robot
    4. Line Follower Robot
    5. Radar System Using Arduino UNO
    6. Automatic Parking System
    7. Bi-Directional People Counter using Arduino Uno 
    8. Automatic Plant Watering System
    9. NeoPixel LED Ring Control using Arduino Uno
    10. Smart Gloves for Bedridden People

      ROBOTICS & MOTION PROJECTS

      1. RC Car Using L293D Motor Driver
      2. Robot Arm and Leg Control Using Servo
      3. Smart Irrigation System using Arduino Uno

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